- 18th Century : The periodical Essay and Novel
- Novel : Relatively long narrative fiction which describes intimate human experiences in prose form.
- Italian word ‘novella’ means new.
- Second to sixth century – Greek Romances
- Stories of ideal love and marvelous adventures
- Virgil’s Evologues
- Malory’s ‘Morte De Arttiur’
- Geoffrey Chauters ‘the Canterbury Tales’
- Muraski Shikibu – Tale of Geoji – World’s first novel
- Geaffrey Chources ‘The Centerbury Tales’
- Miguel de Cervantes – Spanish Writer – Wrote ‘Dan Quirate’ – First European novel
- 18th – Century – New literature – Spirit of realism, enthusiasm, passion and imagination
- After 1740 – novel originated as a literary form in England
- John Biniyan – ‘The Blarims Progress’
- Aphra Behn – ‘Oronoku’
18th Century novelists: - Daniel Datae – ‘Robinson Crusae, Mail Flanders’
- Janathan Swift – ‘Gullivers Traverls’ – a famous satire
- Samuel Richarson – ‘Pamela or Virtue Rewards’ ‘Clarriso’
- Henry Fielding, Lawrence Sterace and Tabias Smllett
- Stalwart Novelists : Charles Dickens
Walter Scott
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Horace Walpole
Thomas Hardy
Willkie Collin’s - 20th Century :
- Modern topics and innovative styles
- Wrote on political, social, psychological and modern issues
- Novelists : E.M.Forster D.H.Lourence
James Joyce William Golding
Joseph conrad Anthony Burgess
Henry James
George Orwell
Graham Green - Immigrant authors : Salman Rushdie (Indian)
V.S.Naipaul (Tirnidad)
Kazun Ishigura (Japan) - Women novelists
- Frances Burney – ‘Evelina’ (novel of manners)
- Ann Radcliffe – Gathic novels
- Mary Shelley – ‘Frankenstein’ – 1813 – 1st novel based on science
- Jane Austen – Popular
- Bronte sisters (Emily and chrlatte) – ‘Wuthering Heights’ ‘Jane Eyre’
- George Elrot – psychological novel
- Virginia Walt – pioneer of stream of consciousness
- Agatha Christie – Crime novels like ‘Miss Marple’ ‘Hercule Parrot’
- Other – Harper lee
Margaret Atilaad
Tani Morrison
Alice walker - Indian Scenario
- Bankimchandra Chattopadhdyaya – ‘Rajmahan’s ‘ which 1st novel in english written by an Indian – Serialized in ‘The Indian field’
- Other
- 1. Nationalistic virtues or social issues – Mulkaraj Annad, AK Narayan, Raja Rao
2. Revolutionary – Anita Desai, Nayantara Sahagal, Arun Joshi, Manahar Malgaonkar - 3. Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Seth, Upamanyu Chatterjee ameliorated the Indian novel in English
- 4. Salman Rushdie, Arvind Adrga, Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai, Kiran Nagarkar – recent years
- Novella:
- Italian word – novelle
- It is a fiction which is shorter than a full length novel and longer than a short story
- Famous novella’s:
- 1. Joseph Cotirad – ‘The Heart of Darkness’
- 2. Henry James – ‘The Turn of the Screw’
- 3. Hermann Melville – ‘Billy Budd’
- 4. Thomas Mann – ‘Death in Venice’
- 5. Saul Bellow – ‘Seize the Day’
- 6. John Steinbeck – ‘Pearl’
- Elements of novel ‘ novella –
- 1. Theme : Central idea, philosophical statement or a proof
- 2. Plot – Course or story that makes up theme created by internal or external conflicts plot may be simple or complex
- 3. Character – related to plot protagonist – hera
protagonist – hera
antogonist – villain - 4. Setting – It is background in which story takes place
aspects of stetting – place, period, time, climate or
weather, lifestyle plot and character are 1 major
elements - Language / Style – language and the techniques used by the author for narration of the course of events
- Types of novels:
- 1. Realistic novels:
- a. novel of manner
- b. a piece of fiction that gives effect of realism
- c. Novel of manners – ‘Evelina’ – Frances Burney
- 2. Picaresque novel
- a. Spanish word picara means rogue
- b. Narrates the adventure of protagonist
- 3. Historical novel:
- a. Novel set in a period earlier than that of writing
- 4. Epistalary novel:
- a. latin word epistola means letter
- b. Writer presents the narrative through a series of
correspondence or other documents - c. Commonly letters and diary entries
- d. ‘Virtue Rewarded’ and ‘Clarrissa’ by Samuel Richardson
- 5. Gathic novel:
- a. inclide horror, mystery, terror, thriller, supernatural, doom, death or decay, haunted buildings
- b. Gothic novels by Ann Radcliffe
- 6. Autobigraphical novel:
- a. based on life of author
- 7. Allegorical novel:
- a. a story that bears more than one level of means
- b. Surface meaning is different from symbolic meaning
- 8. Litopian / Dystapian novel :
- a. imaginary community possessing ideal qualities
- b. Gulliver’s Travels
- 9. Psychological novels:
- a. Word of fiction that deals with the internal life of protagonist
- b. novelists – George Elint
- 10. Stream of consciousness novel:
- a. coined by William James in 1890 in ‘Principles of Psychology’
- b. Incidences of plot are in sequences of occurrence
- c. Flow of thoughts
- d. Virginia Woolf – Pioneer of stream of consciousness novel
- 11. Bildungsroman novel:
- a. German word Bildungsraman means growth
- b. Focuses on protogonists mind
- 20th century – pulp magazines – ground for science and detective novel
- Science fiction -Frankestein – Mary Shelley – Considered the 1st novel
- Genre fiction is crime and mystery fiction.
Novelists – Agatha Christie – Miss Marple
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